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Are criminals made or born?

by Hermstein and Wilson

MAKING AN OUTLINE

Fill in the blanks in the following outline:

I. CAUSES OF CRIME - SOCIAL (Paragraphs____)

1. supported by_____________.

2. When did this viewpoint prevail?___________.

3. The basis for this viewpoint is___________.

II. CAUSES OF CRIME - SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL (Paragraph/s____)

1. most offenders are____________________.

proofs that social explanations alone are insufficient

a.

b.

3. Macccoby-Jacklin findings:

a.

b.

c.

III. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN CRIMINALITY

A. Studies of________________________.

a. Christiansen findings:________________.

b. Rowe findings:____________________.

B. Studies of adopted children: findings:__________.

C. Genetic contribution to crime

a. Question one (para.__)_______________.

b. Question two (para.__)_______________.

c. Answer to Question One: (para.__)_________.

d. Answer to Question Two: (para.__)_________.

D. Issue of Intelligence (paras. 16-19)

a. correlation with crime (para.__)__________.

b. social explanations for correlation (para. 17)______.

c. counter-arguments:

1. para. 18:____________________.

2. para. 19:____________________.

3. para. 20 refers back to_____________.

E. Issue of Temperament: Sociopathy (para.__)

a._____________.

b._____________.

F. Earlysigns foreshadowing criminal behavior (para.__).

G. Sex factor (nature or nurture?) (para.__)

H. Prematurity and low-birth-weight:non-genetic factor (nature and nurture) (paras.__ and__)

a._____________.

b._____________.

I. Positive implications of study of biological factors (paras.__)

IV. DEFINING CRIMINALITY AND PINPOINTING POTENTIAL CRIMINALS

(paras.___)

1. Problems:_______________________.

2. Importance:______________________.

3. Qualifications of these problems:

QUESTIONS ON: ARE CRIMINALS MADE OR BORN?

(paras. 1-14)

1.According to para.l, what is the answer to the title question?

2.According to para.2, what is the answer to the title question?

3.What is the author's answer to the title question?

4. Summarize the research findings in paragraph 3 in one sentence.

5.According to paragraph 4, what are the two main social explanations for the effects of age and sex on crime? (This involves generalizing)

a.

b.

6.According to para.4, social scientists eventually questioned «purely social explanations» (1.41) for the effects of age and sex on crime because:_________________________

______________________________everywhere despite the fact that____________________

7. Line 69 states, «There is evidence». Para.6 gives us evidence that_____________________________

8.When trying to find out if a trait is genetic, it is helpful to compare identical twins with fraternal twins because

a. while both sets of twins have_____________

b. identical twins also have_________________

9.Thus, if the identical twins are more similar in behavior than the fraternal twins, we can conclude that the similarity was influenced by_______________________.

10 Para.ll, lines 135, 136, says «essentially the same results are found in studies of adopted children».

a. the same results as____________________.

b. In what way are they the same?

11. Give three reasons why researchers would hesitate to say genetic contributions are responsible for crime.

a.

b.

c.

12. Find and list 10 synonyms for cause/effect/reason and result or verbs that are associated with cause-effect relationship

Line(s):                        Word or phrase:

ARE CRIMINALS MADE OR BORN? (paras 15 - end) IQ as a HERITABLE BASE for CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

1. List 3 reasons why some criminologists have objected to the view that low IQ is a cause of criminal behavior.

а.

b.

с.

How does the writer counter their objections?

a.

b.

c.

What may explain the link between IQ and criminality?

a.

b.

c.

4. (Inference) Tne statement, «some highly intelligent criminals may be good at eluding capture is fully consistent with the belief that offenders, in general, have lower scores than nonofienders» (11.215-220).

This statement implies that the number of intelligent criminals is________________.

TEMPERAMENT as a HERITABLE BASE FOR CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR (paras. 21-25 )

5. What aspects of temperament associated with criminality seem to be biological?

6. How do these characteristics have a negative influence on the social context in which the child is reared?

7. What social contexts can give rise to biological characteristics which are associated with criminality?

REACTIONS TO THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN CRIME

8. What forms has the «political or ideological reaction» taken?

a.

b.

c.

9. Lines: 314, 315 mention «the higher crime rate of black compa- red to white Americans». Do the authors accept that this has a genetic basis? Yes/No quote a sentence from the text that expresses their opinion.

10. In Para.28

a. criminality is compared with what other biologically based disorders?

b. For what purpose

11. a. What makes crime admittedly ... a more difficult program» (1.343)?