Название: Практические основы перевода - Козакова Т.А.

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By the time the company was disbanded in 1858, hardly more than a thousand British officers controlled India, an area the size of Europe in which 200 million people — about a quarter of them Muslim, but a majority Hindu — spoke more than 200 different languages. By then, the company had carried home such Indian terms as "bungalow", "verandah", "punch", "dungarees" and "pyjamas". They had also imported back to Britain many habits such as smoking cigars, playing polo and taking showers. Most of all, they had laid the foundation for, and forced the British government to get involved in, what was about to become the most ambitious, and the most anguished, empire in modern history.

 

 

10. THE NAVAHO

 

The ancient homeland of the Navaho Indians, created according to legend by the tribal gods, was bounded in the north by Ute Mountain, in the east by Pelada, in the west by San Francisco peaks in northern Arizona, and inthe south by Mount Taylor, which rises above Laguna pueblo in New Mexico. All of these mountains are regarded as sacred. This vast territory includes largely mountain and desert terrain, together with some small but fertile valleys.

The Navaho, like their relatives, the Apache, are members of the widespread Athapascan linguistic family. The Athapascan language in modified form is in general use over the entire Navaho reservation, although many individuals speak Spanish, and an increasing number understand English, especially those educated in Government and mission schools.

According to native legend and tradition, supported to a certain extent by archaeological and linguistic studies, the people, now known as the Navaho and Apache entered the Southwest some time about 1200 to 1400 AD, following the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains from the far north. According to native legend the Navaho and Apache separated about four hundred years ago. 312

The history of the Navaho Indians must be taken into account in the study of their foods. During their early roving life they were hunters and gatherers of wild foods. Being primarily hunters, the men killed deer, mountain goats, and buffalo, with bow and arrow, while they trapped practically all the smaller edible creatures of the region. Women gathered seeds, nuts, and edible plants which they preserved by drying. Fish, formerly abundant in the mountain streams, have always been tabooed as an article of Navaho diet. The Navaho also grew their crops as the Hopi do, using digging and planting sticks. They raised the same foods as their Pueblo neighbours — corn, two or more varieties of beans, and squash. The corn was ground on the metate and prepared in many different ways, some of which have survived during sacred ceremonies.

The characteristic Navaho dwelling, known as the hoghan, is a substantial house of brush and pole construction. Hoghans are of two major types, a conical building and a dome-shape hoghan. Medicine lodges, erected for healing ceremonies, usually resemble the conical hoghan, but on a much larger scale. The sweat-house is like a small hoghan, minus the smoke-hole. The dwelling house is usually dedicated with a ceremony which amounts to a ritual, replete with symbolism and poetry.

Navaho social organisation is based on the clan, a system of tracing descent through the female line from a supposed common female ancestor. Members of the same clan consider themselves akin, hence marriage is not permitted within the clan. The number of Navaho clans is uncertain; authorities claim as few as 51 and as many as 64. Names of clans include those of Navaho localities, Pueblo clan names, nicknames, and names of aliens such as Mexican, Ute, Apache, and Sioux.

According to the Navaho, the sky is considered the husband of the earth, which is the mother of all forms of life, animal and vegetal. Divine beings carry the sun and moon across the skies over thirty-two trails. The stars were created by Hashchezhini, the Fire God, who named and set the constellations in their places. Coyote, who stole Hashchezhini's pouch of stars and scattered the contents across the heavens, is sometimes credited with their creation. Clouds, winds, fog, rain, snow, thunder, and lightning are personified by the Navaho.

 

 

11. BOTTA FINDS NINEVEH

 

The Bible tells of God's chastisement of the Jews by the Assyrians, "the rod of mine anger," of the Tower of Babel and the splendours of Nineveh, of the seventy-year captivity and the great Nebuchadnezzar, God's judgement upon the "whore of Babylon" and the chalice of His wrath to be poured by seven angels over the lands along the Euphrates. The prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah pour forth their terrifying visions of the destruction to come upon "the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of Chaldees" excellency that shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah," so that "wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate houses and dragons in their pleasant palaces" (Isaiah 13-19, 22). Was it but a legend, or could there be any historical proof?

Flat was the land between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, but here and there mysterious mounds rose out of the plain. Dust storms swirled about these protuberances, piling the black earth into steep dunes, which grew steadily for a hundred years, only to be dispersed in the course of another five hundred. The Bedouins who rested by these mounds, letting their camels graze on the meagre fodder growing at the base, had no idea what they might contain.

The man who was destined to drive the first spade into that ground was born in France in 1803. Until Paul Emile Botta was past thirty he had not the slightest intimation of the task that was to be his life's work. For it was at that age that he, then a physician, returned from an Egyptian expedition. At his arrival in Cairo he had a number of boxes among his luggage. The police demanded that they should be opened. They contained, meticulously stuck on rows of pins, twelve thousand insects.

Fourteen years later this physician and entomologist published a five-volume work on Assyria that proved no less significant a stimulus to the scientific study of Mesopotamia than the twenty-four-volume Description de l'Egypte had been for Egyptology.


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