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Ought to
§ 160. The modal verb ought has only one form. It is not changed in reported speech. Ought combines with the to-infinitive. When followed by the non-perfect or continuous infinitive it indicates reference to the present or future. In indirect speech it may also refer the action to the past.
You ought to be ashamed of yourself. I told him that he ought to do it, so he did it. She told him he ought not to go away.
Ought expresses:
1. Moral duty, moral obligation (which is not always fulfilled). It corresponds to the Russian следует.
You ought to look after your children better (you don’t always do it). Вам следует больше заботиться о детях. I wonder whether I oughtn’t to speak to him. He ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
When used with the perfectinfinitive ought means that something right has not been done, a desirable action has not been carried out, and it, therefore, implies reproach.
You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t). Вам следовало бы ему помочь. Не ought to have been more careful (he was not careful enough). Ему следовало бы быть более осторожным.
Ought not + perfect infinitive means that something wrong has been done and it is now too late to change it. It may also be viewed as a reproach.
She told him he ought not to have done it (but he had done it). You oughtn’t to have laughed at his mistakes.
The opposite to ought to is needn’t used to mean that the action is unnecessary.
We ought to wash the dishes, but we needn’t dry them, because they will dry themselves.
2. Advisability (which is sometimes understood as desirability).
You ought to see a doctor. We really ought to buy a new car, oughtn’t we?
3. Probability, something that can be naturally expected. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть, наверное.
You ought to be hungry by now (you probably are, but I’m not certain). Вы, наверное, уже проголодались. Apples ought to grow well here. Здесь должны хорошо расти яблоки. If he started at nine he ought to be here by four (he will probably be here by four). There oughtn’t to be any difficulty (it’s unlikely that there will be). Black Beauty is the horse that ought to win the race(... is likely to win ...).
In this sense ought is a weaker equivalent of must when the latter denotes near certainty. Ought to + infinitive is used when describing something exciting, funny or beautiful in the meaning of I wish you could. You ought to hear the way he plays the piano!
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