Название: ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА Морфология. Синтаксис

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Shall

 

§ 162. In present-day English shall is not a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning of obligation with the function of an auxiliary verb in the future tense.

As a modal verb shall is not translated into Russian, usually its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation.

Shall combined with only a non-perfect infinitive expresses:

 

1. Promise, oath, or strong intention. In this meaning shall is used with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak stress.

 

It shall be done as you wish.

You shall never know a sad moment, Lenny, if I can help it.

He shall get his money.

 

“I want this luggage taken to my room”.

“It shall be taken up at once, sir.” - Его сейчас же отнесут наверх, сэр.

 

In the 1st person shall in this sense acquires a strong stress.

 

I want that prize and I ‘shall win it.

 

2. Threat or warning (shall is used in this meaning in the 2nd and 3rd person).

 

That day shall come.

She shall pay for it, she shall.

The child shall be punished for it. I won’t allow it.

Anyone found guilty shall be shot at once.

 

In the first two senses shall is used in affirmative and negative sentences.

 

3. A suggestion or offer

 

It is used in questions (and offers) in the 1st person singular and plural. Such sentences are translated into Russian by the infinitive.

 

“Shall I get you a chair?” – “Yes, please.” Принести вам стул? - Пожалуйста.

Shall we begin? - Yes, let’s. (Нам) начинать? - Давайте.

Shall I read? - Please, do. Мне читать? - Читайте, пожалуйста.

 

The above three meanings are closely connected with the old meaning of obligation which is at present not common in spoken English and which is normally confined to formal or archaic style (official regulations or other documents).

 

The Society’s nominating committee shall nominate the person for the office of president (...должны выставить кандидата...).

 

This meaning is found in subordinate clauses.

 

It has been decided that the nomination shall not he opposed.

 


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