Abstract nouns

Concrete nouns

-age: leakage, vicarage

-al: betrayal, portrayal, refusal

-ancy/-ency: vacancy, tendency

-dom:freedom kingdom

-hood: brotherhood, childhood

-ing: meaning, cleaning

-ion/~sion/-tion/-ation: operation, tension, examination

-ism: darvinism, patriotism

-ment: agreement, unemployment

-ness: darkness, weakness

-ship: friendship, membership

-ty: cruelty, sanity, banality

-th: growth, strength

-y: difficulty, honesty

-(i)an: physician, Parisian, republican

-ant/-ent: assistant, student, informant

-arian: vegetarian

-ее: refugee, employee, payee

-er: teacher, worker, singer

-ician: musician, politician

-ist: socialist, artist

-or: visitor, actor

-let: booklet, leaflet

-ess: actress, tigress, waitress

-ine: heroine

-ix: proprietrix

-ette: usherette

The four suffixes -ess, -ine, -ette are feminine.

noun stem + noun stem:

seaman (моряк),

airmail (авиапочта)

adjective stem + noun stem:

bluebell (колокольчик),

blackbird (черный дрозд)

verb stem + noun stem:

pickpocket (карманный вор)

gerund + noun stem:

looking-glass (зеркало),

dancing-hall (танцевальный зал)

noun stem + prepositions + noun stem:

father-in-law (свекр, тесть)

mother-in-law (свекровь, теща)

man-of-war (военный корабль)

substantivised phrases:

forget-me-not (незабудка),

pick-me-up (тонизирующий напиток)