Название: Лексикология английского языка - Антрушина Г. В. Жанр: Иностранные языки Рейтинг: Просмотров: 7999 |
From the end of the 8th c. to the middle of the 11th с. England underwent several Scandinavian invasions which inevitably left their trace on English vocabulary. Here are some examples of early Scandinavian borrowings: call, v., take, v., cast, v., die, v., law, n., husband, n. (< Sc. hus + bondi, i. e. "inhabitant of the house"), window n. (< Sc. vindauga, i. e. "the eye of the wind"), ill, adj., loose, adj., low, adj., weak, adj. Some of the words of this group are easily recognizable as Scandinavian borrowings by the initial sk- combination. E. g. sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt. Certain English words changed their meanings under the influence of Scandinavian words of the same root. So, the O. E. bread which meant "piece" acquired its modern meaning by association with the Scandinavian braud. The О. Е. dream which meant "joy" assimilated the meaning of the Scandinavian draumr (cf. with the Germ. Traum "dream" and the R. дрёма).
Administrative words: state, government, parliament, council, power. Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison. Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy. Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil. Everyday life was not unaffected by the powerful influence of French words. Numerous terms of everyday life were also borrowed from French in this period: e. g. table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle, etc. The Renaissance Period. In England, as in all European countries, this period was marked by significant developments in science, art and culture and, also, by a revival of interest in the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome and their languages. Hence, there occurred a considerable number of Latin and Greek borrowings. In contrast to the earliest Latin borrowings (1st c. B. C.), the Renaissance ones were rarely concrete names. They were mostly abstract words (e. g. major, minor, filial, moderate, intelligent, permanent, to elect, to create). There were naturally numerous scientific and artistic terms (datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music).1 The same is true of Greek Renaissance borrowings (e. g. atom, cycle, ethics, esthete). The Renaissance was a period of extensive cultural contacts between the major European states. Therefore, it was only natural that new words also entered the English vocabulary from other European languages. The most significant once more were French borrowings. This time they came from the Parisian dialect of French and are known as Parisian borrowings. Examples: regime, routine, police, machine, ballet, matinee, scene, technique, bourgeois, etc. (One should note that these words of French origin sound and "look" very different from their Norman predecessors. We shall return to this question later (see Ch. 4).) Italian also contributed a considerable number of words to English, e. g. piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel.
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There are certain structural features which enable us to identify some words as borrowings and even to determine the source language. We have already established that the initial sk usually indicates Scandinavian origin. You can also recognize words of Latin and French origin by certain suffixes, prefixes or endings. The two tables below will help you in this. The historical survey above is far from complete. Its aim is just to give a very general idea of the ways in which English vocabulary developed and of the major events through which it acquired its vast modern resources.
I. Latin Affixes
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- Акмеология
- Анатомия
- Аудит
- Банковское дело
- БЖД
- Бизнес
- Биология
- Бухгалтерский учет
- География
- Грамматика
- Делопроизводство
- Демография
- Естествознание
- Журналистика
- Иностранные языки
- Информатика
- История
- Коммуникация
- Конфликтология
- Криминалогия
- Культурология
- Лингвистика
- Литература
- Логика
- Маркетинг
- Медицина
- Менеджмент
- Метрология
- Педагогика
- Политология
- Право
- Промышленность
- Психология
- Реклама
- Религиоведение
- Социология
- Статистика
- Страхование
- Счетоводство
- Туризм
- Физика
- Филология
- Философия
- Финансы
- Химия
- Экология
- Экономика
- Эстетика
- Этика
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