Название: Лексикология английского языка - Антрушина Г. В.

Жанр: Иностранные языки

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The four types (root words, derived words, compounds, shortenings) represent the main structural types of Modern English words, and conversion, derivation and composition the most productive ways of word-building.

To return to the question posed by the title of this chapter, of how words are made, let us try and get a more detailed picture of each of the major types of Modern English word-building and, also, of some minor types.

 

Affixation

 

The process of affixation consists in coining a new word by adding an affix or several affixes to some root morpheme. The role of the affix in this procedure is Very important and therefore it is necessary to consider certain facts about the main types of affixes.

From the etymological point of view affixes are classified into the same two large groups as words: native and borrowed.

 

Some Native Suffixes1

 

 

Noun-forming

-er

worker, miner, teacher, painter, etc.

-ness

coldness, loneliness, loveliness, etc.

-ing

feeling, meaning, singing, reading, etc.

-dom

freedom, wisdom, kingdom, etc.

-hood

childhood, manhood, motherhood, etc.

-ship

friendship, companionship, mastership, etc.

-th

length, breadth, health, truth, etc.

 

Adjective-forming

-ful

careful, joyful, wonderful, sinful, skilful, etc.

-less

careless, sleepless, cloudless, senseless, etc.

-y

cozy, tidy, merry, snowy, showy, etc.

-ish

English, Spanish, reddish, childish, etc.

-ly

lonely, lovely, ugly, likely, lordly, etc.

-en

wooden, woollen, silken, golden, etc.

-some

handsome, quarrelsome, tiresome, etc.

Verb-forming

-en

widen, redden, darken, sadden, etc.

Adverb-forming

-ly

warmly, hardly, simply, carefully, coldly, etc.


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